Looks like classic signs of detonation starting to eat away at the piston. Detonation usually takes place near the exhaust valve at the edge of the combustion chamber (hottest place in chamber and poorest-quality fuel/air mix). You may have been on the verge of disaster there.
That piston looks like a hi-comp piston. Better check to make sure. Hi-comp Triumph engines running on pump gas with their old-fashioned combustion chambers are prone to detonation — especially on the triple's center cylinder. On a street triple that you want to get a lot of use out of, I'd recommend using the stock compression ratio.
You definitely want to run an oil cooler. Although they are called "air-cooled" engines, the oil does a huge amount of cooling as well.
And of course, make sure the timing is exactly what the manual calls for.
As far as reusing the piston, better not to. Detonation is a real piston killer.